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**Can Attenuated Leishmania Induce Equally Effective**

Joana Cunha, Eugenia Carrillo, Javier Moreno and

market authorization, being inaccessible to many endemic countries.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57214

**1. Introduction**

CD4<sup>+</sup>

**Protection as Virulent Strains in Visceral Leishmaniasis?**

The principle of antimicrobial vaccines is to increase immunity against a specific infectious agent so when the individual is challenged by that agent the appropriate immune response is mounted rapidly and efficiently. Vaccines for infectious agents have historically developed from whole live or dead microorganisms to more defined native or recombinant pure fractions, following antigen-coding DNA and the latest approaches of antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Although bacterial and viral infections have a quite long list of effective vaccines, parasitic infections – from worms to protozoa – have been a hard challenge for researchers to be able to develop proper vaccines. Currently, the most advanced anti-parasitic vaccine is the RTS,S/ AS01 for malaria with a protection that covers 30-40% [1]. Despite several attempts during seven decades of research with some promising approaches, so far there is no vaccine available for human leishmaniasis and the options available for veterinary use have zone-restricted

Traditionally, live vaccines incorporate attenuated strains that after entering the host cause a non-pathological short-lived infection, being rapidly controlled by the innate and adaptive immune systems. In few words, the microorganism is taken up and processed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) that efficiently expose the microbial antigens *via* MHC class I or MHC class II molecules, activating the cognate T cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of CD8<sup>+</sup>

T cells, respectively. From here, the effector cellular and humoral machinery develop a

© 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

specific response aiming to eliminate the aggressor. When a sterile cure (*i.e.* complete elimi‐ nation of the microorganisms) is achieved, a contraction in all the effectors takes place, though specific central memory T cells and antibodies endure [2], being ready to initiate a stronger response upon a second encounter with a similar microorganism. However, the abidance time

or

of memory is highly dependent on the strength of the primary response. Studies using mice models have shown that small numbers of parasites restricted to the inoculation site, without causing clinical manifestations, are essential for protection from a virulent challenge [3], indicating that antigen persistence is of major importance in a vaccination protocol for leishmaniasis. In fact, this is the concept behind the leishmanization strategy applied in

File cannot be found.

In this chapter we address some general aspects of the epidemiology of human and canine leishmaniasis to introduce the needs for a vaccine and the desirable immune response to be generated upon vaccination. We present the animal models most commonly used in leishma‐ niasis vaccine research, the road so far travelled by the scientific community attempting to discover the vaccine for leishmaniasis and its current status. Finally, we show our experimental study in BALB/c mice about the influence of a primary infection of *Leishmania infantum* on the outcome of a *de novo* infection with a homologous or heterologous strain with distinct infec‐

Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries and 3 territories ranging the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, the Indian sub-continent, and the tropical regions from America and Africa [4]. The last WHO report on the epidemiology of leishmaniasis estimates that every year 0.7 to 1.2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are mounted and 0.2 to 0.4 million people develop visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which, in turn, is responsible for 20000 to 40000 deaths [4]. Nevertheless, in endemic countries most of the *L. infantum*- or *L. donovani*- infected

The relation of leishmaniasis with poverty catalogues it as a neglected tropical disease. In fact, 72 of the endemic countries are developing nations with a burden of 90% of the VL, CL and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) [7]. In these regions, the majority of the population lives in rural areas, where higher densities of sand flies are found, and is malnourished, a condition that leads to immunosuppression. In addition, HIV concomitant infection is frequent, contri‐ buting to a severe state of immunodeficiency [8]. The close geographical overlap of *Leishma‐ nia* and HIV promote the concomitant infection of both pathogens. In fact, HIV infection increases in 100-2320 times the risk of developing VL in the endemic regions. HIV/*Leishma‐ nia* coinfections correspond to 2-9% of all the VL cases in endemic countries [9]. Furthermore, leishmaniasis is nowadays an important issue in developed countries due to coinfection cases with HIV where *Leishmania* arises as an opportunistic infectious agent, the third of the parasitic infections after *Toxoplasma gondii* and *Cryptosporidium* spp. [10]. Indeed, 90% of the reported HIV/*Leishmania* cases are from Southern European countries, namely Spain, Portugal, Italy and France [8]. The routine use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) by the end of 1990's produced a clear decrease of HIV/*Leishmania* coinfection cases in southern Europe, but it is now a growing concern in those major *foci* of leishmaniasis in developing countries like Ethiopia, where the incidence of HIV is still high [9]. In addition, following the climatic changes that currently allow the presence of the vector in higher latitudes and the constant circulation

humans.

tivity and immunomodulation.

people are asymptomatic carriers or self-healers [5, 6].

**1.1. Human leishmaniasis**

Can Attenuated Leishmania Induce Equally Effective Protection as Virulent Strains in Visceral Leishmaniasis? http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57214 Please use Adobe Acrobat Reader to read this book chapter for free. Just open this same document with Adobe Reader. If you do not have it, you can download it here. You can freely access the chapter at the Web Viewer here. Acrobat is Securing Connection... blocking documentloading.com or

279

of people and animals crossing frontiers and oceans, nowadays leishmaniasis cannot anymore

File cannot be found.

The progression of a *Leishmania* infection to clinical disease comprises multifactorial phenom‐ ena, including the tropism of the species and strains, the genetic background of the host and the efficiency of the immune response developed against the parasite [11]. Studies using mice models have helped the scientific community to better understand the host-parasite relation‐ ship in leishmaniasis. Interleukin (IL) -12 is considered a key cytokine in the early development of the effective immune response due to its requirement for the activation of natural killer cells and T lymphocytes [12]. Activation of these cells leads to the secretion of interferon-γ (IFNγ),

Both in mice as in humans, macrophages are classically activated by IFNγ. This leads to the transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phagocyte NADPH oxidase (phox) that produce nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species, respectively, specimens generally considered indispensable for macrophage-direct killing of *Leishmania* [13]. Macrophages activated by IL-12-driven IFNγ secretion by Th1 lymphocytes – named M1 macrophages – also produce TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, pro-inflammatory cytokines that favor the protective response against *Leishmania* infection. These macrophages are, then, both effectors and inducers of the Th1 polarized immune response [14]. Nevertheless, the strong Th1 pro-inflammatory response must be balanced with the secretion of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) to avoid

on the cognate TCR and expanded to respond to infection will face a massive contraction on their numbers of about 90% after the elimination of the parasite, leaving a subset of experienced cells that constitute the memory pool. Memory cells are long-lived cells that rapidly expand in response to a secondary challenge with the priming antigen [16]. They form a heterogeneous pool with distinct abilities in proliferation, migration and cytokine production, which allow

Memory cells were demonstrated to have great importance in the control of leishmaniasis, with distinct roles described for TCM and TEM cells. Zaph *et al*. have shown that in mice both

TCM is independent of antigen persistence [2]. This achievement, however, seems highly dependent on the initial overall T cell response, since in some immunization experiments that used low dose of parasites protection was lost after the elimination of the parasites, possibly due to insufficient expansion of the TCM pool [3]. Adoptive transfer of TCM from *L. major*infected mice to naïve animals conferred protection upon a challenge. When facing the antigen, TCM expanded in the lymph nodes, acquired effector functions, including CD62L downre‐ gulation which allowed their migration to the infection site and effective protection [2]. In

soluble *Leishmania* antigen (SLA) revealed the high proliferative ability and IL-2 production of

their classification in central memory (TCM) or effector memory T cells (TEM).

T cells that were activated by the recognition of *Leishmania* antigens

cells require parasite presence to be developed, though maintenance of

memory T cells from patients with CL stimulated *ex-vivo* with

be considered restricted to the endemic countries but is otherwise spread in the world.

another commander cytokine.

Effector CD4<sup>+</sup>

TCM and TEM CD4<sup>+</sup>

accordance, analysis of CD4<sup>+</sup>

TCM and high percentage of IFNγ-secreting TEM [17].

immunopathology through excessive tissue damage [15].

and CD8<sup>+</sup>

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

File cannot be found.

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[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

File cannot be found.

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of Ž'œ'–Š—'Š-

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

with Ž'œ'–Š—'Š-

PMID: 17400015.

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with Ž'œ'–Š—'Š His‐ tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, Ž•-

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, Ž•-

Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with Ž'œ'–Š—'Š-

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, Ž•-

•˜—˜ŸŠ—' Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against Ž'œ'–Š—'Š-

Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against Ž'œ'–Š—'Š

ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of Ž'œ'–Š—'Š (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

BALB/c Mice Immunized with Stress-Inducible Protein 1 Encapsulated in Liposomes.

1'—•Š—•ž– Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐

1'—•Š—•ž– KMP-11 and CPG

1Š• .

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[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

Growth Factor Beta Production Fails to Elicit Protective Immunity against *Leishmania donovani* Infection. Infect Immun. 2009 Apr;77(4):1514-1523. PubMed PMID:

Update on Toll-Like Receptors. Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-384. PubMed

Vaccination with DNA Encoding the Immunodominant LACK Parasite Antigen Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with *Leishmania major*. J Exp Med. 1997 Oct 6;186(7):1137-1147. PubMed PMID: 9314562. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2199076.

tency and Durability of DNA- and Protein-Based Vaccines against *Leishmania major* Evaluated Using Low-Dose, Intradermal Challenge. J Immunol. 2001 Apr 15;166(8):

Vaccine. 2012 Jul 20;30(34):5086-5093. PubMed PMID: 22704924.

Vaccine. 2011 Jul 12;29(31):5053-5064. PubMed PMID: 21569815.

Exp Parasitol. 2007 Feb;115(2):127-134. PubMed PMID: 16979165.

21;31(5):735-749. PubMed PMID: 23219436.

19168736. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2663136.

5122-5128. PubMed PMID: 11290794.

PMID: 20404851.

Jul 17;24(29-30):5708-5717. PubMed PMID: 16740346.

PMID: 17400015.

tone H1-Pulsed Dendritic Cells Confers Protection in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

with *Leishmania infantum* Nucleosomal Histones Confers Protection against Cutane‐ ous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice. Microbes Infect. 2007 May;9(6):735-743. PubMed

rived Dendritic Cells Pulsed with a Peptide of *Leishmania infantum* KMP-11 and CPG Oligonucleotides Induces Protection in a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis.

vants for Antileishmanial Vaccines: Present and Future Trends. Vaccine. 2013 Jan

Immune Response and Protection Assay of Recombinant Major Surface Glycoprotein of *Leishmania* (rgp63) Reconstituted with Liposomes in BALB/c Mice. Vaccine. 2006

[90] Agallou M, Smirlis D, Soteriadou KP, Karagouni E. Vaccination with *Leishmania* His‐

File cannot be found.

[91] Carrion J, Nieto A, Soto M, Alonso C. Adoptive Transfer of Dendritic Cells Pulsed

[92] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Cellular Vaccination with Bone Marrow-De‐

[93] Badiee A, Heravi Shargh V, Khamesipour A, Jaafari MR. Micro/Nanoparticle Adju‐

[94] Jaafari MR, Ghafarian A, Farrokh-Gisour A, Samiei A, Kheiri MT, Mahboudi F, *et al*.

[95] Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Khamesipour A. Leishmania Major: Immune Response in

[96] Bhowmick S, Ali N. Recent Developments in Leishmaniasis Vaccine Delivery Sys‐ tems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008 Jul;5(7):789-803. PubMed PMID: 18590463.

[97] Bhowmick S, Mazumdar T, Ali N. Vaccination Route That Induces Transforming

[98] Kawai T, Akira S. The Role of Pattern-Recognition Receptors in Innate Immunity:

[99] Gurunathan S, Sacks DL, Brown DR, Reiner SL, Charest H, Glaichenhaus N, *et al*.

[100] Mendez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, *et al*. The Po‐

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